Where the number is
Reference and serial numbers are small and often worn. Good light and a phone camera at close range make them far easier to read than the naked eye.
Cartier
Engraved on the outside of the case back. Vintage Paris-era pieces carry a short reference (such as 78086) with a separate serial number; later references use longer alphanumeric codes (such as W51002Q3). Precious-metal cases also carry hallmarks on the back and sometimes the lugs.
Any other brand
The archive documents Cartier in depth today, with Omega and Rolex next.
Can't find it, or not sure what you are reading? Read the case back guide, or write to us with every line from the back.